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Operating Systems
Virtual Memory & Paging
- Every memory access goes virtual address → page table lookup → physical address. TLB caches this.
- Each process has its own page table — virtual address 0x1000 in process A maps to different RAM than in process B.
- OS only loads pages into RAM when accessed — a page fault triggers the load; "not present" pages live on disk.
System Design
Consistent Hashing
- hash(key) % N breaks when N changes — a server add/remove remaps ~all keys, causing a thundering herd.
- Map both servers and keys onto a circular hash space — each key is owned by the next clockwise server.
- Each physical server gets K virtual ring positions so load spreads evenly even with few servers.
DBMS
Database Normalization
- Unnormalized tables cause update anomalies — change one fact in one place, break it in three others.
- Each cell holds one atomic value — no arrays, no comma-separated lists inside a column.
- Every non-key column depends on the whole composite key, not just part of it.
Networks
TCP Three-Way Handshake
- Two packets can open a channel one way — you need three to prove both sides can send AND receive.
- SYN (client opens) → SYN-ACK (server acknowledges and opens) → ACK (client acknowledges server).
- Random ISNs prevent attackers from injecting data into old connections or forging packets.
60-second cards
Quick revise
TCP vs UDP in one line?
TCP is reliable and ordered. UDP is fast and fire-and-forget.
REVIEW 60s
What is the purpose of the TCP three-way handshake?
Synchronize sequence numbers in both directions before data transfer
REVIEW 60s
What are the four Coffman conditions for deadlock?
Mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption, circular wait
REVIEW 60s